e)preservesf)untedg)sharplyh)which

i)alongj)encroachedk)shrinkingl)ntrast

ntraryn)whereo)increased

?sectionb

directionsthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatentsattachedtoiteachstatentntainsrtiongiveninoneoftheparagraphsidentifytheparagraphfrohichthertionisderivedyouychooseaparagraphrethanonceeachparagraphisrkedwithaletteranswerthequestionsbyrkingtherrespondingletteronanswersheet2

a)betweenthefallof2012andthefallof2013,astronorstookadeep,longlookintotheatsphereofgj1214b,adistantearth-sizedpinatightorbitaroundaol,redstarfifteentisitcrossedthefaceofitsstarasthehubblespacetelespewatchedeachti,starlightwouldpassthroughthethinringofatspherearoundthepsoofitwouldcatchonairbornelecules—thane,carbondioxide,orybeevenwatervapor—leavingaspectralfingerprint

b)atleastthat'swhattheastronorshopedithadworkedforbigger,hotterps,andnowwe'dbeabletounderstandtheatsphereofoneofthestearth-likeexopsknowngoingforward,wewouldusethesathodtolookateverrefaliarworlds,sniffingforchecalsthatghthavebeenexhaledbylivinganiswiththistrialrunongj1214b,however,therewasjustoneproblep>c)wesawnothingor,tosayitinakinderway,wesawsothingelseazingorldenshroudedinaliencloudsthespectrupainstakinglyasuredfroightfilteredthroughthep'satsphere,didn'tshowthetelltalespikesandwigglesofleculesinstead,itwasfeaturelessandft

d)inapaperpublishedinnature,astronorsinferredthatanopaqueyerofcloudshadblockedhubble'sviewsuddenly,sllpsaroundotherstarsseedalothardertoprobe,evenfortheworld'sstpowerfulobservatory"theygotatrendousauntofhubblespacetelespetijusttostudythatonepinexquisitedetail,"saysjonathanfortney,anastronorattheuniversityofcalifornia,santacruz"andthatspectruabackftasaline"

e)clouds,asitturnsout,areeverywhereyoucanfindtheneveryatsphereinourownsorsysteevenpluto,whichperhapsshouldhavegivenusahintinendlesspertations,theyndenseoutofatspherihestry,orokupunderthegreofthesunbutinthepuffyatspheresofso-called"super-earths"—whichareonaroundotherstarsbutabsentfroursorsysteastronorswerehopingforclearerskies

f)"thisisadoubleedgedsword,"sayst'szachberta-thoson,whoiscurrentlytryingtousehubbletostudythenewlydisveredgj1132b,asll,rockyworldthoughttoreselevenus"it'sreallyexcitingtoknowthatwehavecloudsthatwedidn'texpectinsooftheseparyatspheres,"hesays"butontheotherhandit'sreallyfrustrating,becauseasastronors,cloudsareournaturalbornenees—whetherthosecloudsarearoundearthoranotherp"

g)berta-thoson'stlleaguesaraseagerputsitrebluntlyrightnow,seagerisworkingonbuildingupalibraryofatsphericsignaturesthatghtheraldthepresenceoflifeonfarawaypsshehopestofindnotjustonebutahandfulofpossiblyinhabitedworldsinthenextfewdecades—ahardtaskdeevenharderifwekeepseeingcloudypslikegj1214b"thatwouldbeadisasterforeverythingwe'reworkingtowards,"seagersays"ifeveryphascloudstothelevelthatonedoes,itghtkilllourdrea"

h)allisnotlost,thoughagenerationofastronorsarepioneeringthodstoseearoundandthroughclouds—ortoavoidthelltogetheratthefrontlinesisatsphericdelercarolinerley,whoisfinishingupherphdrtney'sbinsantacruzbeforevingontoharvardinthefall

i)"weneedtobealittlebitrecreativeintheobservationswedo,"rleysaysforone,wecanstudypsattisoutsideofwhentheyarepassinginfrontoftheirstarsalthoughlookingatstarlightshiningthroughtheringofatsphereisapowerfultool,ourlineofsighttakesusthelongwaythroughsheetsofclouds

j)theideaisthatinotherphasesofthep'sorbit,asitvesbesideitsstarandthenbehindit,wecanpickoutstarlightthatreflectsoffthep'satsphereorperhapsweuldevenseeaglowfroheatsphereitself

k)forexale,hotterpsshouldn'tbeabletoforhehazesthatbnketlderbodieslikesaturn'sontitaninstead,leculesinthesesahotatspheresshouldettheirownfaintlightthatwouldpassthroughclouds,whichghtbeasurablewithnext-generationtelespesoronpschlderthanourown,cloudsdefrorozengrainsofwater,thane,oraoniashouldbehighlyreflective,whichwillhelpuspickupthesignatureofthoselecules

l)acrosstheuntry,onateaithseageratt,postdocalexandriajohnsonisalreadyatworkonthestpart"we'regoingtotakethesubstanceswethinkareinexopatspheresandtestonthe"johnsonsaysherexperintworksbylevitatingatinychecalgraininagicfield,likeasinglesuspendedcloudseedthen,johnsonshinesserlightatthegrainatdifferentangleseventually,thepnistotchacloudparticle'spatternofreflectinglightwiththelightbouncingoffapasitcirclesitsstarwiththat,we'dbeabletoguessattheositionandsizeofthecloudsthere,andweuldtrytoworkouttheatsphereunderneath

astheseexperintsandotherskepress,theclockistickinginjusttwoyears,hubble'ssuessor,thejaswebbtelespe,ispnnedforunchbecauseitcanseeatinfraredwavelengths,thewebbshouldhaveaneasiertiseeingthroughclouds

n)butonceitunches,thewebbwillbethestpreciousresourceinastrono—anenorustaxpayer-fundedobservatoryvetedbyeveryone,notjustthosewhostudysll,enigticpsandunlikehubble,whichhaditslifetiextendedfiveseparatetisbyvisitsfrohespaceshuttle,thewebbwillbetoofarawaytobefixedndfulofhubble'sexperiencewithgj1214b,nobodywantstowastetistaringataveiledrockypifwecan'tbesureitwillwork

36thereisnosuper-earthinsorsystep>37thecloudsthatblockedhubble'sviewdeithardertoexploresops

38cloudsonpschlderthanourownshouldbehighlyreflective

39pgj1214bisaboutthesasizeasearth

40eventhecloudsofeartharethoughtaseneesbyastronors

41soastronorsareseekingnewwaystoobservepsaroundorthroughclouds

42hubblehadbeenfixedbyfivetis

43byshiningserlightatthetinysuspendedchecalgrainatdifferentangles,theositionandsizeofthecloudscanbeestited

44creativethinkingisneededinobservingp

45thespectrueasuredfroightfilteredthroughthep'satspherewasfeaturelessandft

?sectionc

directionsereare2passagesinthissectioneachpassageisfollowedbysoquestionsorunfinishedstatentsforeachoftheherearefourchoicesrkeda),b),c)andd)youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandrktherrespondingletteronanswersheet2withasinglelihroughthecentre

?passageone

ifyou'reoneofthenearlyfourin10llennialsorone-thirdofgenxersthatspendatleastninehoursonadigitaldeviceeachday,youuldbeputtingthehealthofyoureyesatseriousrisk

arecentstudyfrohevisionuncilsuggeststhat68%ofllennialsreportsufferingfroheeffectsofwhatisknownas"digitaleyestrain"

axoffactorsleadtodigitaleyestrain,butthecruxisthatstaringataglowingdispyforlongperiodsisunnaturalworse,sllprintandblurryigesycauseyoutostraininordertofocusyoublinklesswhenlookingatascreen,whichcanleadtodrynessorirritationineyesthebluelightettedbydigitaldispysincreaseseyestrainergingresearchsuggestscutiveandnstantexposuretobluelightcanevendageretinalcells

thesytoofdigitaleyestrainincludeunortableeyesthatarered,dryorirritated,eyefatigue,blurryvision,wateryeyesandheadaches

thesilestwaytotryandavoiddigitaleyestrainistakebreaksfrotaringatyouruterscreenasoftenasyoucanhowever,guidelinesdifferonexactlyhowoftenyoushouldtakeabreakfroourdispythevisionuncidvocatesa"20-20-20break"ery20nutes,takea20-sendbreakandlookatsothing20feetawaythecanadiannistryofborsuggestsafive-nutebreakawayfroouteroperationforeveryworkinghourifyoustruggletoreertotakebreaks,youuldsetatirtorendyou

therearealsonyotherwaystohelpadjustyourdispysettingssothatyoudon'thavetostraintoreadorseeanythingyouuldalsonsiderananti-grescreenforyouruternitorthelightingofyoursurroundingsandthebrightnessofthescreenyou'relookingatkeadifferenceyoushouldkesurethebrightnessisthesaasthelightlevelsintherooinally,gsseswearerscantalktotheiropticianaboutspeciallensfinishesandatingsthathelptoreducedigitaleyestrain

46whatcanwelearnfrohefirstparagraph

a)thellennialsarelesslikelytohaveseriouseyerisksthanthegenxers

b)thequantityofllennialswhohaveseriouseyerisksissllerthanthatofgenxers

c)spendingrethanninehoursonadigitaldeviceperdayuldhurtthehealthofeyesseriously

d)ifyou'reneitherallennialnoragenxer,youwon'tputthehealthofyoureyesatseriousrisk

47whatisthestpriryreasonfordigitaleyestrain

a)gazingataglowingdispyforalongti

b)focusingonsllprintandblurryiges

c)lessblinkingwhenlookingatascreen